Grossesse et acide folique
Définition et rôles de la vitamine B9
L’acide folique appelé aussi vitamine B9 est une vitamine hydrosoluble qui joue un rôle essentiel dans la production du matériel génétique (ADN et ARN), et des acides aminés nécessaires à la croissance cellulaire. Il a un rôle important dans la formation des globules rouges, le fonctionnement du système nerveux (synthèse de neuromédiateurs) et du système immunitaire.
Son rôle primordial dans la production de nouvelles cellules, le rend particulièrement important durant les périodes d’activité métabolique intense comme l’enfance, l’adolescence, la grossesse (développement du fœtus).
Ce nutriment est essentiel au développement normal de la colonne vertébrale, du cerveau et du crâne du fœtus, particulièrement pendant les quatre premières semaines de la grossesse. À ce stade, la plupart des femmes ne savent pas encore qu’elles sont enceintes.
La Vitamine B9 ne peut être synthétisée par l’organisme humain et doit donc être apportée par l’alimentation.
Où trouve-t-on l’acide folique ?
La vitamine B9 est aussi appelée «folates» – du latin folium – rappelant qu’elle est très présente dans les légumes verts à feuilles.
Les aliments qui en contiennent le plus sont: les légumes vert foncé : épinards, blettes, cresson, haricots, asperges, choux de Bruxelles, brocolis, laitue romaine, etc.
Les légumineuses : lentilles (oranges, vertes, noires), lentillons, haricots secs, fèves, pois (cassés, chiches, entiers).
Les fruits de couleur orange : oranges, clémentines, mandarines, melon.
Attention : l’acide folique est une vitamine sensible à la lumière et à la chaleur. Elle est hydrosoluble et donc soluble dans l’eau. Environ 50 % de l’acide folique est perdu par l’entreposage à la lumière, par le lavage des aliments et par la cuisson.
Pourquoi l’acide folique est-il si important durant la grossesse?
Du fait de son rôle dans la synthèse de l’ADN et de l’ARN, un déficit en acide folique provoque un ralentissement de la multiplication des cellules, notamment des cellules à fort taux de renouvellement telles que les cellules sanguines (globules rouges et blancs), celles de l’intestin, du foie et de la peau. Les signes de cette hypovitaminose sont donc l’anémie, les troubles digestifs et neurologiques et les atteintes des muqueuses (gencives par exemple).
Chez la femme enceinte, les conséquences d’une carence en acide folique sont encore plus dramatiques.
En effet, cette carence va engendrer des anomalies du développement des tissus maternels (placenta, circulation sanguine), des anomalies de développement du fœtus (spina bifida, anencéphalie), un retard de croissance du fœtus, une augmentation du risque de prématurité et de faibles réserves en folates chez le nourrisson.
A partir de l’adolescence, il est donc recommandé à la population féminine de veiller à la couverture des besoins en acide folique.
La prise de plus de 1 000 µg d’acide folique par jour doit se faire sous supervision médicale, car elle peut masquer les symptômes d’une carence grave en vitamine B12, ce qui peut entraîner des dommages neurologiques irréversibles.
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